In preclinical in vivo PDAC mouse models, mutant KRAS was shown to promote tumor immune evasion, whereas loss of KRAS activity blocked tumor growth in immunocompetent mice.292 Accordingly, KRAS inhibition is thought to also affect the TME, and such observations have laid the groundwork for the combination of KRAS inhibition with either ICIs or other TME-modifying agents. This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and neoplasm.