In addition to its oncogenic effects, KRAS mutations affect the TME composition207,290,291: KRAS activation has been shown to increase the production of neutrophil chemoattractants (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5), the recruitment of M1 macrophages, the attraction and induction of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, and the enhancement of tumor infiltration of myeloid-derived stem cells (MDSCs). This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and neoplasm.