CD8+ T cells eliminate cancer cells because of their ability to recognize and target nonself-peptides produced by hotspot mutations in the KRAS and TP53 oncogenes known as “neoantigens”.362,363 These peptides, deemed foreign/nonself are presented to TCRs by MHC-I molecules.362 Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is the process of isolating these CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), expanding them ex vivo, and then reintroducing them to the patient. Here, KRAS is linked to cancer.