Firstly, EXOs can act on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway: TGF-β is a pro-fibrotic cytokine, and the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of airway remodeling, making it a potential therapeutic target for asthma [112]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and asthma.