CD4 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Recent studies have highlighted TME responses in ESCC to neoadjuvant therapy at single-cell resolution, focusing on CD8+ T cells, cDCs, and macrophages.18,41,42 Our data revealed an expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells after PPCT treatment, suggesting that its therapeutic effect is likely mediated by T-cell responses.