As illustrated in Figure 4A, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that, relative to the Pm-infected group, the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, GATA-3, T-bet, RORγt, and FoxP3 genes were significantly elevated in the Pm_OMVs-infected group at 24 hours post-infection (P < 0.01). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.