Complementary ELISA data (Figure 4B) demonstrated a significant augmentation in the secretion of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, TGF-β, GATA-3, T-bet, IL-10, and TNF-α in the Pm_OMVs-infected group relative to the Pm group at 24 hours post-infection (P < 0.01). Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.