Conversely, at 72 hours post-infection, the secretion of IL-6, IL-17, T-bet, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was significantly diminished (P < 0.01), while levels of TGF-β, GATA-3, IL-10, and IL-4 were significantly elevated in the Pm_OMVs-infected group compared to the Pm group (P < 0.01). Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.