Further validation via Western blot analysis (Figures 4D, E) indicated that protein expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, GATA-3, T-bet, RORγt, and FoxP3 were significantly increased in the Pm_OMVs-infected group at 24 hours post-infection relative to the Pm group (P < 0.01). Here, IL6 is linked to infection.