In the context of cancer, the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that characterized the TME trigger the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) on Schwann cells that in turn release M-CSF promoting the recruitment and expansion of the macrophage population which, in a positive feedback, increases oxidative stress and overstimulates the sensory neurons thus sustaining allodynia and spontaneous pain (Figure 2) (142, 143). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and cancer.