TNF and Meniere disease: Patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Meniere’s disease patients, when stimulated in vitro, tended to release higher levels of TNF-α and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and lower levels of Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Peptide 78 (ENA-78, also known as CXCL5), compared to vestibular migraine patients (29).