Intersection of the four biomarkers’ single-gene enrichment results with CTD-derived pathways demonstrated significant enrichment in leukocyte-mediated signaling pathways, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signal transduction, and B-cell receptor (BCR) downstream signaling events for the CHD group, while the T2D group primarily showed enrichment in β-cell development regulation, BCR downstream signaling, insulin secretion regulation, and insulin processing. Here, VEGFA is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.