Furthermore, topical application of total flavonoids from sea buckthorn (TFH) in an Calcipotriol (MC903)-induced AD model improved skin barrier function by upregulating filaggrin expression, reduced mast cell infiltration, and balanced Th1/Th2 cytokines (e.g., decreasing TNF-α, IL-4, IFN-γ, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)), while inhibiting NF-κB, ERK, and p38 signaling in keratinocytes (Gu et al., 2022). Here, TSLP is linked to Alzheimer disease.