SOD1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Similarly, in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) rat model, Isorhamnetin (ISO)—a major natural flavonoid extracted from sea buckthorn—improved hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary vascular remodeling by upregulating Nrf2 protein expression in lung tissue, enhancing SOD activity, and inhibiting the NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and p-c-src signaling pathways, thereby alleviating oxidative stress (Chen Y. et al., 2024).