CD4 and cervical carcinoma: Furthermore, our study revealed that APS appears to modulate key immune parameters in cervical cancer patients, including the ratio of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, corroborating its well-established potent immunomodulatory properties (Liu et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022, Bai et al., 2025).