TP53 and lung carcinoma: Therapeutic strategies include p53 reactivation through Ser392 phosphorylation targeting (36) and nickel chloride (NiCl2) promotes lung cancer invasion and metastasis by activating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, which upregulates the E3 ligase TRIM31 to drive ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor suppressor TP53 (37), while chromium-induced carcinogenesis involves polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 (PDHA1) at Thr57, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy (38).