Mechanistically, diverse phosphorylation-mediated pathways contribute to oncogenesis: neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) activation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3), driving proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (26, 27), tobacco carcinogen NNK promotes liver kinase B1 (LKB1) hyperphosphorylation via β-adrenergic receptor/protein kinase A (β-AR/PKA) signaling (28), and hepatocyte nuclear PI3K/AKT activation to suppress malignant growth (29). Here, AKT1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.