After applying exclusion criteria—including severe comorbidities (n = 245), loss to follow-up (n = 320), non-Parkinson’s diagnoses (n = 155), and incomplete data for MoCA (n = 1,283), UPDRS-I (n = 6), or clinical biomarkers (n = 270)—1,279 participants were retained for analysis, comprising 1,122 Parkinson’s disease patients and 157 healthy controls in Figure 1. Here, DOCK3 is linked to Parkinsonism.