In one study, pro-inflammatory treatment was administered to mice during gestation, resulting in elevated IL-6 and IL-1β in the blood of the mothers, which resulted in the development of hippocampal neuronal hyperexcitability and spontaneous seizures in their offspring, suggesting that maternal inflammatory factors may influence the risk of epilepsy in the offspring via the placenta or developmental programming (Vezzani et al., 2019; Soltani Khaboushan et al., 2022; Yue et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and epilepsy.