IL4 and Intussusception: Another study found that a Th2/Th1 cytokine imbalance was associated with a higher incidence of recurrent intussusception in children.[18] Th2 cells, which are crucial for intestinal smooth muscle contractions, secrete cytokines like interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-13, while Th1 cells secrete interferon-γ and IL-2 to regulate immunity.[18] Patients with recurrent intussusception showed elevated Th2 levels, reduced Th1 levels, and significantly decreased Th1/Th2 ratios.