ESR1 and osteoporosis: Although current clinical interventions for osteoporosis, such as administration of calcitonin, bisphosphonates, or estrogen receptor modulators effectively restore bone strength, they are associated with significant side effects, including fever, hypercalcemia, bone pain, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.[5,6] Therefore, the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies is of paramount importance and requires comprehensive research to be undertaken to determine the factors involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.