DRD1 and memory impairment: Stepholidine has been reported to have dopamine receptor D1 agonist activity and dopamine receptor D2 antagonist activity, and has neuroprotective effects on methamphetamine-induced memory impairment in mice,[78] and has been used in drug withdrawal studies.[79] Adenosine triphosphate, as the most direct energy source in the body, is widely distributed.