APOE and Alzheimer disease: APOE exhibits isoform - specific regulation of inflammation: in vitro studies show APOE ε2 and ε3 isoforms suppress pro - inflammatory cytokine release in glial and neuronal cells, while ε4 exacerbates inflammatory responses and cellular toxicity[17]; extrapolating to vascular biology, this suggests APOE may tune AD-related aortic inflammation by modulating macrophage activation or VSMC inflammatory phenotypes.