VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Other authors have shown the atheroprotective effects of BBR by reducing endothelial dysfunction; inhibiting adhesion molecule expression, such as VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1), MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1); preventing monocyte attachment; and suppressing vascular inflammation via AMPK activation.