Fibroblasts synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, interferon-β (IFN-β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as chemokines like C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) [65], and secrete growth factors and metalloproteinases that support tissue repair after infection [66]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.