HCAR2 and colorectal carcinoma: Butyrate inhibits the Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway (reducing the levels of TNF-α and IL-6) by activating G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and G-protein-coupled receptor 109a (GPR109a), and at the same time, it inhibits HDAC to promote p53-mediated colonic cell apoptosis; the decrease in butyrate in CRC patients is accompanied by an increase in Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70 MD = 10.22 points in the Indonesian study, p < 0.001), suggesting that butyrate may play a role by regulating apoptosis-related proteins.