FFAR3 and colitis: Further analysis indicated that GPR41 co-localized with nitrergic (nNOS+) and cholinergic (ChAT+) neurons, but not with GFAP+ glial cells, suggesting that butyrate primarily exerts its effects directly on enteric neurons via the GPR41 receptor to alleviate colitis-associated neural injury, rather than through glial pathways [104].