TNF and dry eye syndrome: Studies have demonstrated that gut dysbiosis correlates with multiple ocular pathologies: Wang et al. [28] identified significant positive associations between elevated inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL10) and gut microbial imbalances in dry eye disease models, while Choi et al. [29] further confirmed that multi-strain probiotic interventions (e.g., Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus) alleviate dry eye symptoms by restoring corneal barrier function and tear secretion.