TNF and viral infectious disease: KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were involved in viral infections (influenza, measles, coronavirus, hepatitis B/C, and HIV); immune signaling pathways, such as NOD-like, RIG-I-like, Toll-like receptor, and TNF signaling pathways, suggesting strong immune activation; and immune checkpoint modulation through PD-L1/PD-1 interaction (Figure 6D,E).