VCAM1 and Cognitive impairment: Endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation and T-cell infiltration (e.g., hippocampus) are recurrent; genetic/pharmacologic modulation of endothelial signaling (e.g., caveolin-1 deficiency) reduces VCAM-1, limits T-cell neuroinfiltration, and mitigates cognitive deficits; linking endothelial activation to adaptive neuroimmune engagement and behavior [47,61].