TNF and Autoimmunity: In recent years, the introduction of biological agents, including monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins targeting specific immune pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (e.g., infliximab and adalimumab), interleukin-6 (e.g., tocilizumab), B cells (e.g., rituximab), and integrins (e.g., vedolizumab), has significantly advanced the treatment of autoimmune and oncologic diseases.