The study revealed three distinct interaction types: Type I, where Btk killed larvae too rapidly for AV infection (e.g., H. armigera); Type II, where mutual inhibition between Btk and AV prevented successful infection (M. separata/Btk + HvAV-3j and S. litura/Btk + HvAV-3h); and Type III, where Btk facilitated AV colonization, leading to systemic infection (M. separata/Btk + HvAV-3h and S. litura/Btk + HvAV-3h). Here, BTK is linked to infection.