CASP3 and colorectal carcinoma: CB, initially identified as a VCP inhibitor, elicited Bip-dependent ER stress in CRC cells, sequentially engaging IRE1, ATF6, and PERK branches that culminate in CHOP activation, Casp-3/9 cleavage, and LC3II/Beclin accumulation—hallmarks of apoptosis and autophagy [7,12,13].