CXCL1 and neoplasm: Unlike microsatellite instability–high (MSI-H) tumors, MSS CRC exhibits an immunologically ‘cold’ tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recruitment, accumulation of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and persistent secretion of cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin (IL)-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-8 (CXCL1) [1,3].