DARS1 and triple-negative breast carcinoma: In triple-negative breast cancer, EGFR-aptamer-modified exosomes co-delivering delivery of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase-antisense RNA 1 (DARS-AS1) siRNA and doxorubicin overcame autophagy-mediated chemoresistance via TGF-β/Smad3 inhibition [76], while MEK1-siRNA exosomes downregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling and reduced angiogenesis [77].