AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: For hepatocellular carcinoma, expert consensus emphasizes nanoparticle engineering to cross vessel walls and extracellular matrix (ECM) and target hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receptors [54], while AFP-siRNA-loaded PLGA (PLGA-AFP) platforms synergize with epigallocatechin gallate to amplify apoptosis [55] and with low-dose sorafenib/sunitinib to deepen AFP silencing and inhibit proliferation, supporting dose-sparing combinations [56].