Immune engineering of T cell small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with surface IL-2 reprograms vesicular miRNA content (e.g., miR-181a-3p/miR-223-3p) to downregulate tumor PD-L1, augment CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, and synergize with anticancer drugs in melanoma [91]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.