C3 and Stroke: In contrast, agents promoting neurogenesis, angiogenesis, white matter repair, and neuroplasticity, such as growth factors (BDNF, IGF-1, Wnt3a), certain cytokines (IL-4, IL-13), complement peptides (C3a), repurposed tPA, anti-Nogo-A antibodies, and nucleic acid therapies (circSCMH1), are generally administered in the subacute to chronic phases (days to weeks post-stroke) in preclinical models.