Interestingly, when radiation was combined with the bi-(AID-1-T) aptamer treatment, the cells characterized by increased expression of the stemness factors CD133, L1CAM, EGFR, Casp3, p53, Nestin, Sox2, and CD44 had increased survival rate in primary gliomas (Figure 1G). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is central nervous system cancer.