TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Moreover, asiatic acid and asiaticoside exert anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced acute lung injury models by suppressing cytokine production through inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [13,14], while madecassoside ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling [15].