It is developed due to the hyperglycemic (HG) conditions in T2DM, which promotes the formation of glycosylation end products that activate signaling pathways, including protein kinase C (PKC), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), stress-activated protein kinase/jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), PI3K/AKT, Nrf2/ARE, and AMPK [103,104]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.