TSC1 and Parkinson disease: In clinical and preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease, polymer nanoparticles (25–100 nm range) destroy the intestinal barrier and microbiota, initiate ROS and mitochondrial stress [5], promote α-synuclein aggregation through NAC-domain interactions [102] and hydrophobic contacts, suppress autophagy via the mTOR/TFEB/TSC1–TSC2 pathway [40], and induce pyroptosis [41].