Crucial signaling pathways involved in the reciprocal modulation between autophagy and cardiovascular diseases include the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, IGF–EGF, AMPK/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Nrf2/p62, p53, and NF-κB pathways (Figure 2) [95]. Here, IGF1 is linked to cardiovascular disorder.