In Alzheimer’s disease, MNPs accelerate Aβ fibrillation [41,111] and tau [27,112], disrupt lysosomal function, and enhance microglial pyroptosis (GSDMD) with impaired phagocytosis [4], and the effects can synergize with genotypic factors, such as APOE4 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms [109]. Here, APOE is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.