Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) continue to expand this map for dental caries and periodontitis, most recently identifying new caries loci (e.g., intronic variants in GLIS3 and SIGLEC5) and refining shared biology between clinical and self-reported phenotypes, while multi-ancestry analyses underscore heterogeneous architecture across populations [18]. The gene discussed is SIGLEC5; the disease is periodontitis.