TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: On the TGF-β axis, multiple therapeutic classes are in development, including neutralizing antibodies, ALK5 kinase inhibitors (e.g., vactosertib and galunisertib), and ligand traps/bifunctionals, with the mechanistic goal of decompressing stroma and reversing immune exclusion, and CRC-focused reviews emphasize context-dependent biology and the need for combinations rather than monotherapy [10,24].