AR and prostate cancer: This effect was observed in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, in which TQ treatment was found to reduce androgen receptor (AR) and E2F-1-associated proteins, arrest the G1 to S phase transition of cancer cell cycles, and substantially increase the level of p21Cip1 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1), p27Kip1 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B), and Bax [29].