HIF1A and ischemia: Therefore, it is essential to explore the protective activity of paeoniflorin in relation to upstream Wnt/β-catenin and downstream HIF-1α/VEGF/Ang-2 pathways, which are known to play vital roles in ischemia-triggered angiogenic processes, including leukocyte adhesion, endothelial cell survival, vascular stabilization, and retinal neovascularization [12].