CCND1 and neoplasm: In this model, garcinol decreased tumor size and tumor incidence in the colon, and decreased COX-2, cyclin D1, and VEGF via inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.