TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: scRNA-seq revealed that empagliflozin modulated the TGF-β signaling pathway, inhibited intercellular communication, and reduced the expression of fibrotic genes such as Col4a1 or Fn1 [40] that are associated with miR-192-mediated TGF-beta/SMAD3-driven renal fibrosis [41].