Key contributors to vascular calcification caused by osteogenic differentiation include pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), autotaxin (ATX), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which is involved in lipoprotein metabolism and has been shown to have a stimulatory impact and crucial role in vascular calcification, thereby complicating atherosclerosis (Figure 2) [10]. Here, PCSK9 is linked to atherosclerosis.