LCN2 and diabetic kidney disease: When comparing patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy to those without, the AUC was lower at 0.669, reflecting moderate accuracy; however, this level of performance is similar to other individual biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy, such as NGAL, KIM-1, and soluble TNF receptors, which typically yield AUC values in the 0.65–0.80 range [34,35].