EDN1 and thrombophilia: These autoantibodies induce vasoconstriction via endothelin-1 (ET-1) activation, necrosis and apoptosis of umbilical vein endothelial cells, reduced trophoblast invasion, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which stimulates tissue factors and leads to hypercoagulability [109,110,111,112,113,114].