TNF and metabolic disease: Notably, during this process, there is also a decline in sex hormones, which, combined with the marked loss of muscle mass, can trigger the production of cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), reflecting the presence of metabolic inflammation or the “meta-inflammation”, state of low-grade chronic inflammation, typically associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome [3].