IL1B and Alzheimer disease: In addition to this anti-amyloidogenic action, enzymatically digested κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (KOS), another class of red seaweed polysaccharides, have been found to attenuate neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglial hyperactivation and reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, in in vivo and in vitro AD models [26].