DPP4 and diabetes mellitus: Indeed, while all new antidiabetic medicines are beneficial for blood sugar management, agents such as metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1R agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors offer varying degrees of cardiovascular and renal protection, none have demonstrated efficacy against other complications such as retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, diabetes-associated liver disease (e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD), or diabetes-associated inflammatory disorders.