TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Combined with anti-PD-1 therapy, quercetin enhances Firmicutes and Actinobacteria abundance, upregulating M2 macrophage-related genes (Arg-1, IL-10, TGF-β, MMP-9) and suppressing M1-related genes (IL-6, IL-12a, IL-1β, TNF-α), improving the HCC immune microenvironment [111].