BGLAP and postmenopausal osteoporosis: In ovariectomized rat models of postmenopausal osteoporosis, geraniin produced a marked increase in bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, and overall bone microarchitecture, accompanied by improvement in key bone turnover (β-CTx, osteocalcin, ALP, BGP) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) markers in local and peripheral tissues.