Preclinical evidence in non-rodent species is limited; however, a protein-engineered anti-GM-CSFRα antibody (574D04) in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated in vivo pharmacologic activity, as pretreatment with 574D04 dose-dependently suppressed GM-CSF-induced leukocyte margination and leukocytosis at doses of 1–10 mg/kg [134], supporting blockade of GM-CSF signaling. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Increased total leukocyte count.