TNF and candidiasis: Children with candidiasis showed significantly elevated salivary concentrations of IL-1β (34.5 ± 9.1 vs. 15.2 ± 5.8 pg/mL; p < 0.001), IL-6 (28.9 ± 8.3 vs. 12.4 ± 4.9 pg/mL; p < 0.001), TNF-α (36.8 ± 10.2 vs. 18.7 ± 6.2 pg/mL; p < 0.001), and IL-8 (41.5 ± 11.5 vs. 22.1 ± 7.3 pg/mL; p < 0.001) (Table 4).