HLA-C and glioblastoma: Predicted peptide–MHC binding affinities were stratified into three categories based on nanomolar thresholds: non-binders (blue; BA > 500 nM), weak binders (green; 50 nM < BA ≤ 500 nM), and strong binders (red; BA ≤ 50 nM), as shown in Figure 1B. The identification of high-affinity binders derived from frequent somatic mutations highlights the immunotherapeutic potential of specific GBM neoepitopes, paving the way for personalized MHC class I-targeted vaccine design and immune monitoring strategies.