L1CAM and retinoblastoma: Specifically, L1CAM has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer [36], non-small-cell lung cancer [37], and pancreatic cancer [38] to protect cells from apoptosis and to confer a phenotype resistant to drugs in ovarian cancer [39] and retinoblastoma [13]; and to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition and formation of cancer initiating cells in EC [40].